The 45 mile long Elwha River runs north through Olympic National Park in Washington from its source, the Elwha snowfinger, to the Strait of Juan de Fuca. It is also one of the few rivers in the Pacific Northwest that is home to all five species of Pacific salmon. The Elwha River is also home to two dams, the 108 ft tall Elwha River Dam (1914) and the 210ft tall Glines Canyon Dam (1927), that is until a demolition project that started in September 2011. This two and a half year project will result in the largest dam removal project in history, in an attempt to restore an entire river system.More than 2.5 million dams - both public and private - have been erected throughout the United States over its 235 year history, blocking streams and rivers. More than a quarter of these dams have passed their 50 year average life expectancy; by 2020, that figure will reach 85%. Once past the 50 year mark, most dams begin to degenerate. Concrete walls degrade, earthworks erode and seep, spillway gates rust and lose tensile strength and sediment clogs reservoirs, reducing their capacity. At the worst, an aging dam could fail, causing catastrophic flooding. Maintenance costs, pressure from conservation groups, fishermen, tribal councils and state and federal agencies have created growing pressures with low economic returns, resulting in more and more dams considered for removal nation wide. Before the construction of the Elwha River dams, over 400,000 salmon returned to the River to spawn over 70 miles of river habitat. Now, fewer than 4,000 salmon return to the river to spawn the 4.9 miles of river left available to spawn below the Elwha Dam. Once the dams have been removed, the National Park Service estimates that once the area is ecologically restored, the Elwha River habitat will be back to the pre-dam salmon population. For more information, visit the Olympic National Park Elwha River Restoration website.
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